Gwelet an tarzh evit Emgann Iwo Jima

{{Infoboest Brezelioù
|brezel=Emgann Iwo Jima
|tammeus=[[Brezel ar Meurvor Habask (1937-1945)|Brezel ar Meurvor Habask]]<br>([[Eil Brezel-bed]])
|skeudenn=[[Restr:Marines burrow in the volcanic sand on the beach of Iwo Jima.jpg|thumb|center|300px]]
|titl=<small>Marines stanket war an aod dindan tennoù ar japaniz o tont<br>eus ar [[Menez Suribachi]] er foñs.</small>
|deiziad= 19 a viz C'hwevrer – 26 a viz Meurzh 1945
|lec'h= [[Iwo Jima]] <br /> [[Impalaeriezh Japan]]
|casus=
|tiriad=
|disoc'h=Trec'h an Amerikaned
|emganner1=[[Restr:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|24px]] [[Stadoù-Unanet Amerika]] 
|emganner2=[[Restr:Flag_of_Japan.svg|24px]] [[Impalaeriezh Japan]]  
|jeneral1= '''Morlu ar Stadoù-Unanet:'''<br>[[Chester W. Nimitz]]<br>[[Raymond A. Spruance]]<br>[[Marc Mitscher]]<br>[[William H. P. Blandy]]<br>'''U.S. Marine Corps:'''<br>[[Holland Smith|Holland M. Smith]]<br>[[Harry Schmidt (USMC)|Harry Schmidt]]<br>[[Graves B. Erskine]]<br>[[Clifton B. Cates]]<br>[[Keller E. Rockey]]

|jeneral2='''Arme-zouar Impalaeriezh Japan:'''<br>[[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Takeichi Nishi]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Sadasue Senda]]{{KIA}}<br>'''Morlu Impalaeriezh Japan:'''<br>[[Rinosuke Ichimaru]]{{KIA}}

|nerzh1={{plainlist|  
* 110,000 ''[[United States Marine Corps|Marine]]'',<br>[[United States Army|soudard an arme-zouar]],<br>ezel eus [[Morlu ar Stadoù-Unanet]],<br>[[korf an Hospitalioù SUA|Korf an Hospitalioù]],<br>''[[Seabee]]'', ezel eus an [[U.S. Army Air Forces|USAAF]]<br>* Ouzhpenn 500 lestr}}

''Unvezioù an arme-zouar'':<br />
* [[File:USMC V Amphib Corps.png|18px]] '''V{{vet}} Korf Mor ha Douar'''
* [[3de rannarme vor (United States)|3{{-de}} rannarme vor]]
* [[4e rannarme vor SUA|4e rannarme vor]]
* [[5vet rannarme vor SUA|5{{vet}} rannarme vor]]
* [[147vet Rejimant troadegiezh SUA|147{{vet}} Rejimant troadegiezh]]<ref>Morison, 1960, p. 68</ref>

''Unvezioù an aerlu'':<br />
* [[File:Seventh Air Force - Emblem (World War II).svg|20px]] '''[[Seizhvet Air Force]]'''

''Unvezioù ar morlu'':<br />{{plainlist|
* [[File:United States Fifth Fleet insignia 2006.png|20px]] '''[[Pempvet flodad ar Stadoù-Unanet|Pempvet flodad SUA]]'''
* Bagad ergerzhout (TF 51)
* Bagad harp mor ha douar (TF 52)
* Bagad argad (TF 53)
* 31{{vet}} Batailhon saverezh ar morlu
* 62{{vet}} Batailhon saverezh ar morlu
* 133{{vet}} Batailhon saverezh ar morlu
* UDTs 12, 13, 14, ha 15
}}
|nerzh2={{plainlist|
* 20 530–21 060 soudard<ref name=Burrell83>Burrell, 2006, p. 83.</ref>
* 23 tank<ref>Taki, [http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/history2.htm "The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122440/http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/history2.htm Diellaouet eno, 2016]</ref>
* 438 pezh kanol
* 33 kanol arvor
* 69 kanol eneptank
* ~300 kanol enepkirri-nij<ref>Crumley, 2012, p. 148 : "The total breaks down as follows: 361 artillery pieces of 75 mm caliber or larger, 12 spigot mortars (320 mm), 65 medium and light mortars, 33 naval guns, 94 anti-aircraft guns of 75 mm or larger, 200+ anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm or 25 mm, and 69 anti-tank guns of 37 mm or 47 mm caliber."</ref>}}

''Unvezioù an arme-zouar'':<br />{{plainlist|
* [[restr:War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army.svg|24px]] '''[[109vet Division (Arme impalaerel Japan)|109{{vet}} rannarme japanat]]'''
* Strollad ar penngarter 
* [[Eil Brigadenn vesket dizalc'h (Arme impalerel Japan)|Eil Brigadenn vesket]] 
* 3{{-de}} batailhon, 17{{vet}} rejimant mesket 
* 26{{vet}} rejimant tankoù
* 145{{vet}} rejimant troadegiezh
* Strollad brigadenn ganolierezh 
}}
''Unvezioù ar morlu'':<br />{{plainlist|
* [[restr:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|24px]] '''[[Morlu Impalaeriezh Japan|Morlu impalaerel]]'''
* Bagad gward war vor
}}
''Unvezioù harp ouzhpenn ha [[Kamikaze]]''

|Tud marvet1= 
* 27071 den kollet
* 6102 ''Marines'' lazhet<ref>Morison, 1960</ref>
* [[Ralph Ignatowski|1 tapet]]
* 719 martolod lazhet<ref>En o zouez 539 martolod a oa lazhet ha 492 gloazet e-pad tagadennoù eus Japaniz dre an aer ouzh al listri brezel.<!--This figure also includes Navy Corpsmen attached to Marine Corps outfits.--></ref>
* 41 den eus an arme-zouar<br>lazhet pe kollet<ref>Kollet e oa ar pep brasañ eus an dud-se e-pad an abadennoù "naetaat" goude fin an emgannoù bras e miz Meurzh. 20 soudard eus ar 147{{vet}} a oa lazhet pe kollet ivez, koulz hag an 21 nijer eus an USAAF a oa lazhet e-pad an emgann. Hervez an danevell ofisiel embannet goude gant an US Army Garrison Force,a gemeras kontroll Iwo Jima digant ar ''Marines'', ar 147{{vet}} rejimant troadegiezh, e-pad e abadennoù "naetaat" eus an  21 a viz Meurzh d'ar 26 a viz Gouere 1945 a lazhas 1602 Japanad hag a gemeras 867 prizoniad. Ne gonter ket amañ an niver bras a soudarded a varvas er c'hevioù ha na voent ket kavet biskoazh.</ref>
* 19709 den gloazet<ref name=Burrell83/>
* [[USS Bismarck Sea (CVE-95)|USS Bismarck Sea]] goueledet
* [[USS Saratoga (CV-3)|USS Saratoga]] gwallaozet da vat
* [[USS Lunga Point|USS Lunga Point]] gwallaozet 
* 137 tank distrujet<ref>Coox, Naisawald, 1954, Taolenn 1</ref>
* 153 karr-nij distrujet<ref name="LLFeb45">{{cite web |url=https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLFeb45.htm |title=USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List February 1945 |work=Aviation Archaeological Investigation & Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309173809/https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLFeb45.htm |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLMar45.htm |title=USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List March 1945 |website=www.aviationarchaeology.com |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064219/http://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLMar45.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|Tud marvet2= 
* 17 845–18 375 den lazhet pe kollet<ref name=Burrell83/>
* 216 prizoniad<ref name=Burrell83/>
* ~3000 den kuzhet<ref>Toland, 2003, p. 669 : "Kalz anezhe a varvfe diwar o gloazioù, kleñvedoù, a vefe lazhet en abadennoù naetaat, pe a godianfe diwezhatoc'h. Ar strollad soudarded japanat diwezhañ a godianas en Iwo Jima er greas e 1949."</ref>
}}

'''Emgann Iwo Jima''' zo unan eus emgannoù brudetañ an [[Eil Brezel-bed]] war [[Brezel ar Meurvor Habask (1937-1945)|Talbenn ar Meurvor Habask]], etre an 19 a viz C'hwevrer betek ar [[26 a viz Meurzh]] [[1945]], e-pad an [[Eil Brezel-bed]]. Douarañ a reas ar ''[[United States Marine Corps|Marines]]'' en [[Iwo Jima|Enez-Iwo Jima]] ha stourm a rejont krog-ha-krog gant [[Lu Impalaeriezh Japan|Arme Impalaeriezh Japan]] evit he c'hemer. Aloubadeg arme ar Stadoù-Unanet, lesanvet ''Operation Detachment'', a oa bet karget da gemer an enezenn gant he daou aerborzh evit adimplijout anezho a-benn bombezenniñ enezeier pennañ [[Bro-Japan]]. 

Kreñvaet e oa linnennoù ar Japaned en un doare pounner, gant ur rouedad stank a [[bunker|vunkerioù]], lec'hiadurioù kanolierezh kuzhet, ha 18 km garidennoù<ref>"...&nbsp;Difennerien Iwo a ziorroas [gwellaenn ar c'hevioù naturel] evel ur skiant. Abalamour d'ar pouezus ma oa lec'hiadurioù dindandouar e oa gouestlet 25 dre gant eus ar gwarnizon da gleuzañ garidennoù. Mont a rae ment ar lec'hiadurioù savet dindan douar eus kevioù bihan evit un nebeud soudarded da veur a gambr dindandouar gouest da zegemer 300 pe 400 den. Evit mirout ouzh ar soudarded d'en em gavout bac'het en unan eus ar c'hleuzadennoù-se e oa aozet toulloù niverus da vont ha da zont evit ar c'hambroù dindandouar, kouz ha skalieroù ha trepasoù etreze.&nbsp;... Diribin norzh ar Menez Suribachi e-unan a oa ennañ meur a viliad metr garidennoù. Pa zouaras ar ''Marines'' en Iwo Jima, ouzhpenn 11 lev garidennoù a oa bet aozet." Garand, Strobridge, 1971, pp. 455–456</ref>. Harpet e oa ar bagadoù amerikan war an douar a-hed an emgannoù gant un niver bras a ganolioù ha derc'hel a raent an oabl a-drugarez d'o morlu ha da nijerien ar morlu<ref>[https://archive.org/details/1945-03-19_Carriers_Hit_Tokyo "Carriers Hit Tokyo !"], ''[[Universal Newsreel]]'', 19 a viz Meurzh 1945,  2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103132054/http://archive.org/details/1945-03-19_Carriers_Hit_Tokyo Diellaouet eno]</ref>. E-pad ar pemp sizhunvezh emgann e voe lod eus stourmoù gwadekañ ha taerañ Talbenn ar Meurvor Habask. 

Niver ar Japaned [[marv war an dachenn]] a oa teir gwezh brasoc'h evit niver an Amerikaned, met evit ar wech kentañ en holl emgannoù ar Meurvor Habask, e oa uheloc'h niver hollek an Amerikaned tizhet (marvet ha gloazet) evit hini ar Japaned<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite web |first=Cyril J. |last=O'Brien |title=Iwo Jima Retrospective |url=http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,NI_Iwo_Jima2,00.html |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607061101/http://www.military.com/NewContent/0%2C13190%2CNI_Iwo_Jima2%2C00.html |archive-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>. Diwar an 21 000 soudard eus Bro-Japan en Iwo Jima e deroù an emgann, ne oa kemeret nemet 216 prizoniad, en o zouez lod hag a oa kemeret abalamour ma oant faganet pe gloazet en un doare grevus<ref>Burrell, 2006, p. 83</ref>. Lazhet e oa ar pep brasañ eus ar peurrest e-pad an emgannoù, met jedet eo bet e kendalc'has war-dro 3000 anezhe da stourm er rouedad kevioù e-pad meur a zevezh war-lerc'h a-raok mervel diwar o gloazioù pe kodianañ sizhunvezhioù diwezhatoc'h<ref>Burrell, 2006, p. 83</ref><ref>Toland, 2003, p. 669</ref>. Daoust d'an emgannoù ha d'ar c'holloù bras diouzh an daou du, asur e oa trec'h an Amerikaned abaoe ar penn kentañ. Abalamour d'an niver brasoc'h a soudarded amerikan, d'o armoù a oa gwelloc'h ha d'o mestroni eus an oabl, ha dre ma ne oa ket Japaniz evit en em dennañ nag evit resev soudarded fresk, ha gant ar bihan e oa o fourvezioù boued ha dafar, ne oa ket Japaniz evit gounit an emgann-se<ref>Lewis, 2007, p. 59</ref>. 

Abalamour d'ar c'holloù ramzel e voe kavet abeg en emgann er [[Stadoù-Unanet Amerika]]. [[William V. Pratt]], bet e penn an operasionoù war vor, a zisklêrias e oa diezhomm an enezenn d'an arme evel bazenn ha diezhomm d'ar flodad evel porzh<ref name= Newsweek_Pratt_19450402>{{cite news |first=William V. |last=Pratt |author-link=William Veazie Pratt |title=What Makes Iwo Jima Worth the Price |work=Newsweek |date=2 April 1945 |page=36}}</ref>. Kenderc'hel a reas ar Japaned da vezañ berzet eus argadoù an Amerikaned a-drugarez da radar [[Enez-Rota]], na voe ket aloubet biskoazh, ha ne voe ket graet hogozik gant an nijvaoù<ref name=Rota>Joint War Planning Committee 306/1, "Plan for the Seizure of Rota Island," 25 January 1945.</ref>. Ar skiant prenet a-drugarez d'an emgannoù a oa bet a-raok en enezennoù ar Meurvor Habask a c'halle lakaat unan da soñjal e vefe difennet mat Iwo Jima hag e vefe kolloù bras. Implijet e voe an enezenn memestra gant ijinourien an Navy, ar ''Seabee'', a savas eno peadra da adpakañ kirri-nij an [[USAAF]] ar [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] mac'hagnet. 
En holl, 2251 [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] a zouaras en Iwo Jima e-pad ar brezel "Iwo To Japan"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.506thfightergroup.org/iwotojapan.asp |title=Iwo To Japan |publisher=506th Fighter Group |access-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208225826/http://www.506thfightergroup.org/iwotojapan.asp |archive-date=8 February 2010}}</ref>. Ar skrivagner J. Robert Moskin a gont 1191 kefridi da ambrougañ kirri-nij all ha and 3081 argadenn a loc'has diouzh Iwo Jima e-pad ar brezel a-enep Bro-Japan<ref>Moskin, 1992, p. 373</ref>

Luc'hskeudenn [[Associated Press]] gant ar banniel amerikan savet e krec'h ar [[Menez Suribachi]] gant c'hwec'h ''[[United States Marine Corps|Marines]]'' a zeuas da vezañ ur skeudenn vrudet eus an emgann hag eus ar striv brezel amerikan er Meurvor Habask<ref name="ap">{{cite news |url=http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html |title=Fifty Years Later, Iwo Jima Photographer Fights His Own Battle |first=Mitchell |last=Landsberg |year=1995 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905115709/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pulitzer/rosenthal.html |archive-date=5 September 2007 <!--DASHBot--> |url-status=live}}</ref>.

== Er sevenadur ==
[[File:Iwo jima location mapSagredo.png|thumb|left|Lec'h Iwo Jima er [[Meurvor Habask]]]]
== Stiradoù skinwel ==
* Er ministirad [[The Pacific (ministirad)|The Pacific]] e vez ul lodenn hag a gont Emgann Iwo Jima.
=== Filmoù ===
* ''[[Flags of Our Fathers (film)|Flags of Our Fathers]]'', gant [[Clint Eastwood]], [[2006]], 131 munut
* ''[[Letters from Iwo Jima]]'', gant Clint Eastwood, [[2006]], 140 munut

==Levrlennadur==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Robert E. |date=2004 |title=The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-by-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, with Complete Muster Rolls |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=0-7864-0560-0}}
* {{cite web |last=Antill |first=P. |date=6 April 2001 |title=Operation Detachment: The Battle for Iwo Jima, February – March 1945 |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_iwojima.html |website=HistoryOfWar.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612121459/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_iwojima.html |archive-date=12 June 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=James |last2=Powers |first2=Ron |date=2001 |orig-year=2000 |title=Flags of Our Fathers |url=https://archive.org/details/flagsofourfather00brad |url-access=registration |publisher=Bantam |isbn=0-553-38029-X |location=New York |author-link1=James Bradley (author) |author-link2=Ron Powers}}
* {{cite journal |last=Burrell |first=Robert S. |date=2004 |title=Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology: A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment |journal=[[Journal of Military History]] |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1143–1186 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2004.0175 |s2cid=159781449}}
* {{cite book |last=Burrell |first=Robert S. |date=2006 |title=The Ghosts of Iwo Jima |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station, Texas |isbn=1-58544-483-9}}
* Alvin D. Coox, L. Van Loan Naisawald, [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717223049/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll14/id/56035 "Survey of Allied Tank Casualties of World War II"], Technical Memorandum ORO-T-117, Johns Hopkins University Operations Research Office, Baltimor, 1954 
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Craven |editor-first1=Wesley Frank |editor-last2=Cate |editor-first2=James Lea |date=1983 |title=The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945 |volume=V |series=The Army Air Forces in World War II |url=https://archive.org/details/Vol5ThePacificMatterhornToNagasaki/ |orig-year=1953 |edition=New Imprint |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=091279903X}}
** James Lea Cate, James C. Olson, "Precision Bombardment Campaign". in Craven & Cate, 1983
** James Lea Cate, James C. Olson, "Iwo Jima". in Craven & Cate, 1983
* {{cite book |last=Crumley |first=B. L. |date=18 December 2012 |title=The Marine Corps: Three Centuries of Glory |isbn=9781908273963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X97OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318203551/https://books.google.com/books?id=X97OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |archive-date=18 March 2020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Garand |first1=George W. |last2=Strobridge |first2=Truman R. |date=1971 |chapter=Part VI: Iwo Jima |title=Western Pacific Operations |volume=IV |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II |publisher=Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps |isbn=0-89839-198-9 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/|chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-VI-1.html |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929202140/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/ |url-status=live}}
* ''[url=https://archive.org/details/25642GlamourGal Glamour Gal]'', Marine Corps Photographic Service, 1945
* {{cite book |last=Hammel |first=Eric |date=2006 |title=Iwo Jima: Portrait of a Battle: United States Marines at War in the Pacific |publisher=Zenith Press |isbn=978-0760325209 |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |oclc=69104268 |author-link=Eric M. Hammel}}
* {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |date=1990 |orig-year=1989 |title=The Second World War |publisher=Viking Penguin |location=New York |isbn=9780670823598 |url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00keeg |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kelber |first1=Brookes E. |last2=Birdsell |first2=Dale |editor-last=Conn |editor-first=Stetson |date=1990 |orig-year=First printed 1966 |chapter=Chapter XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa |title=The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat |series=U.S. Army in World War II: The Technical Services |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=558–583, 586 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/USA-in-WWII/Set-4-of-7/Disk-1/Combat.pdf |id=CMH Pub 10-3 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030526/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/USA-in-WWII/Set-4-of-7/Disk-1/Combat.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Dan |date=2014 |title=A Tomb Called Iwo Jima |publisher=Pacific Press |isbn=978-1500343385}}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert |date=1967 |title=The Battle for Iwo Jima |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforiwojima00leck |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |oclc=56015751}}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert |date=1988 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II |edition=First Perennial Library |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/870 870] |isbn=0-06-091535-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Adrian R. |date=2007 |orig-year=2006 |edition=Ebook reprint |title=The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203944523 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanculturew00lewi/ |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |date=1960 |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |title=Victory in the Pacific: 1945 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=XIV |publisher=Little, Brown, & Co. |location=Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://archive.org/details/victoryinpacific00mori |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}}
* {{cite book |last=Moskin |first=J. Robert |date=1992 |edition=3rd Revised |title=The U.S. Marine Corps Story |url=https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpssto0003mosk |url-access=registration |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpssto0003mosk/page/373 373] |isbn=0-448-22688-X}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Navy Department Library, "Battle for Iwo Jima"}} |author=Navy Department Library |author-link=Navy Department Library|date=25 September 2020 |title=Battle for Iwo Jima, 1945 |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]]|location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/battle-for-iwo-jima.html |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708181918/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/battle-for-iwo-jima.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Navy Department Library, "Navajo Code Talkers"}} |author=Navy Department Library |author-link=Navy Department Library|date=16 April 2020 |title=Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]]|location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514052920/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Newcomb |first1=Richard F. |date=1982 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=Iwo Jima |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=0-553-22622-3 |location=New York |author-link=Richard Newcomb |url=https://archive.org/details/iwojima0000newc/ |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Quinlan |first=O'Neill P. |date=February 1948 |title=New Tanks for Old! |periodical=U.S. Navy Civil Engineer Corps Bulletin |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=51–53 |publisher=BuDocks, Deptarment of the Navy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_dUAAAAYAAJ&q=Seabee+CWS+Hawaii&pg=RA3-PA51 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410223135/https://books.google.com/books?id=x_dUAAAAYAAJ&q=Seabee+CWS+Hawaii&pg=RA3-PA51 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=Breanne |last2=Neimeyer |first2=Charles |last3=Nash |first3=Douglas |date=2019 |title=Investigating Iwo: The Flag Raisings in Myth, Memory & Esprit de Corps |publisher=Marine Corps History Division |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Investigating%20Iwo_WEB3.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-085649-137 |isbn=978-1732003071 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122030038/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Investigating%20Iwo_WEB3.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-085649-137 |url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/iwojima To the Shores of Iwo Jima]'', U.S. Government Office of War Information, 1945  
* {{cite book |last=Toland |first=John |author-link=John Toland (author) |date=2003 |orig-year=1970 |title=The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945 |publisher=Random House |url=https://archive.org/details/risingsundecline00john_1 |isbn=978-0-8129-6858-3 |url-access=registration |access-date=4 July 2021}}
* U.S. Army Japan, HQ G3, Japanese Monograph No. 45, [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/JM-45/ "History of Imperial General Headquarters, Army Section (Japanese Monograph No. 45]), p. 257, U.S. Army Japan, Foreign Histories Division, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160406174019/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/JM-45/ diellaouet eno].
* U.S. Army, Far East Command, [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-48/JM-48.pdf "Operations in the Central Pacific" (Japanese Monograph No. 48)], Office of the Chief of Military History, Washington, D.C., [https://web.archive.org/web/20211011122900/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-48/JM-48.pdf diellaouet eno]
* United States Fleet, Headquarters of the Commander in Chief, ''[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/a/amphibious-operations-capture-iwo-jima.html Amphibious Operations, Iwo Jima]'', 1945, Washington D.C.
* {{cite magazine |last=Unmacht |first=George F. |date=April 1948 |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1948/april/flame-throwing-seabees |url-access=subscription |title=Flame Throwing Seabees |magazine=Proceedings |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |location=Annapolis, Maryland |volume=74 |number=342 |pages=425–427 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218153906/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1948/april/flame-throwing-seabees |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Keith |date=1979 |title=The Road to Tokyo |series=World War II |volume=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadtotokyo0000whee |url-access=limited |publisher=Time-Life Books |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-8094-2540-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Derrick |date=2004 |orig-year=2001 |title=Iwo Jima 1945: The Marines Raise the Flag On Mount Suribachi |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=0-275-98273-4 |location=Oxford}}
{{Refend}}

== Notennoù ==
{{Daveoù}}


[[Rummad:Emgannoù Brezel ar Meurvor Habask]]
[[Rummad:Emgannoù Brezel ar Meurvor Habask]]
[[Rummad:Emgannoù an Eil Brezel-bed]]
[[Rummad:Emgannoù gant Lu Impalaeriezh Japan]]
[[Rummad:Emgannoù gant ar United States Marine Corps]]
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[[Rummad:Istor Japan]]