Pandemiezh

Iskevrennad eus	epidemic, systemic risk, riskl diavaez
Handled, mitigated, or managed by	pandemic prevention

Bedreuziad^[2], pe pandemiezh^[3] a vez graet eus ur c'hleñved-red hag a dap muioc'h-mui a dud en un doare prim hag a red war tachennoù ledan, da skouer war meur a gevandir pe dre ar bed. Poreet e vez un niver bras a dud eus ur boblañs pa vez kaoz eus ur bedreuziad. Ne vez ket graet bedreuziad eus kleñvedoù endemek gant un niver a glañvidi stabil evel distroioù bloaziek ar grip dre ma vez tizhet rannvroioù ledan eus ar bed muioc'h evit na vefe eus ur c'hleñved-red o redek dre ar bed-holl.

E-kerzh istor an denelezh ez eus bet bedreuziadoù lies evel ar vrec'h. Ar Vosenn Zu, degaset gant ar Vosenn, a oa bet marvus betek lazhañ an hanter eus poblañs Europa er XIV^vet kantved^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]. D'ar mare-se ne veze ket graet gant an droienn pandemiezh. Diwezhatoc'h eo bet implijet ar ger-se, evel e 1918 gant ar bedreuziad anvet grip spagnol hag a chom ar bedreuziad marvusañ en istor Mab-den^[8]^[9]^[10]. Ar bedreuziadoù nevesañ eo hini ar SIDA^[11]^[12], ar Grip A ha bedreuziad COVID-19. Darn eus ar c'hleñvedoù-se a gendalc'h e-touez an denelezh met gant dilec'hioù kalz izeloc'h evit na oa bet.

Notennoù ha daveennoù

↑ ^1,0 ha^1,1 "Army Corps sees convention centers as good option to build temporary hospitals", Federal News Network (27 March 2020).
↑ Geriadur Ménard, 2020, p. 959-b.
↑ TermOfis.
↑ "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)", Australian Broadcasting Corporation (29 January 2008).
↑ "Black Death's Gene Code Cracked". Wired. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
↑ "Health: De-coding the Black Death", BBC (3 October 2001).
↑ (September 2005) "A plague upon the phagocytes". Nature Medicine 11 (9): 927–928. DOI:10.1038/nm0905-927
↑ 1918 Pandemics (H1N1 virus). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
↑ "History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America" (7 April 2020).
↑ Weekly Virological Update on 05 August 2010 (5 August 2010).
↑ Most medical sources, including the WHO, do not refer to HIV/AIDS as a pandemic; those that do refer to it in the past-tense to separate the acute and chronic phases.
↑ (December 2020) "Viral Pandemics of the Last Four Decades: Pathophysiology, Health Impacts and Perspectives". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (24). DOI:10.3390/ijerph17249411

[FedNewsNet_20200327-1] 1,0 ha^1,1 "Army Corps sees convention centers as good option to build temporary hospitals", Federal News Network (27 March 2020).

[2] Geriadur Ménard, 2020, p. 959-b.

[3] TermOfis.

[ABC/Reuters-4] "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)", Australian Broadcasting Corporation (29 January 2008).

[Black_Death's_Gene_Code_Cracked-5] "Black Death's Gene Code Cracked". Wired. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.

[Health:_De-coding_the_Black_Death-6] "Health: De-coding the Black Death", BBC (3 October 2001).

[7] (September 2005) "A plague upon the phagocytes". Nature Medicine 11 (9): 927–928. DOI:10.1038/nm0905-927

[8] 1918 Pandemics (H1N1 virus). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

[9] "History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America" (7 April 2020).

[WHO99-10] Weekly Virological Update on 05 August 2010 (5 August 2010).

[11] Most medical sources, including the WHO, do not refer to HIV/AIDS as a pandemic; those that do refer to it in the past-tense to separate the acute and chronic phases.

[12] (December 2020) "Viral Pandemics of the Last Four Decades: Pathophysiology, Health Impacts and Perspectives". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (24). DOI:10.3390/ijerph17249411

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