Françafrique
| Iskevrennad eus | neocolonialism, foreign relations of France  |
|---|---|
| Arvez | France–Africa relations |
| Stad | Bro-C'hall |
Ar Françafrique, en darempredoù etrebroadel, eo kelc'h levezon Bro-C'hall en Afrika issahara e tiriadoù bet trevadennoù gall, hag ivez belgiat[9]. Ar ger zo deuet diwar an droienn France-Afrique a oa bet implijet en un doare politikel hag ofisiel e 1955 gant kentañ prezidant Aod an Olifant, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, evit deskrivañ al liammoù start etre e vro ha Bro-C'hall[1]. Goude-se e voe adkemeret an droienn met en un doare flemmus[7] gant François-Xavier Verschave e 1998 evit sevel a-enep ar goubrenerezh hag an obererezhioù kuzh a veze sevenet etre Bro-C'hall hag Afrika, war an tachennoù ekonomikel, poltikel ha milourel pe damsoudardel. Talvoudegezh an droienn a oa deuet da vezañ negativel a-benn neuze, rak diskuliañ a rae an neveztrevadennerezh gall[1].
Notennoù ha daveennoù
[kemmañ | kemmañ ar vammenn]- ↑ 1,0 1,1 ha1,2 Bovcon, Maja (2011). "Françafrique and regime theory". European Journal of International Relations 19 (1): 5–26. DOI:10.1177/1354066111413309
- ↑ Whiteman, Kaye (1997). "The Man Who Ran Françafrique". The National Interest 49 (49): 92–99
- ↑ Chafer, Tony (2005). "Chirac and 'la Françafrique': No Longer a Family Affair". Modern & Contemporary France 13: 7–23. DOI:10.1080/0963948052000341196
- ↑ Taylor, Ian (2010-04-01). "Effronterie Magnifique: Between La Rupture and Realpolitik in Franco-African relations", The International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa. A&C Black. 51–68 p. ISBN 9780826434012. “It seems now apparent that the very concept of la Francafrique when it to pertains to a form of gross dependency on France by African elites is now unattractive. But conversely, when it facilitates the benefits that may be accrued from parts of Africa being within the French sphere of influence, or the continuation of the exploitation of the continent's raw materials, then close ties between Paris and African capitals is desirable.”
- ↑ Sarkozy aid 'comes clean' on murky African diplomacy (12 September 2011). “Foccart, who helped de Gaulle maintain France's sphere of influence over its former colonies after the fires of independence spread across Africa in the 1960s, took Bourgi under his wing.”
- ↑ Steven Erlanger (12 September 2011). "Rwandan Leader, in Paris, Seeks to Ease Tensions". "France's relationship with its former African colonies is known as "Françafrique," which is commonly mocked as "France à fric," since "fric" is slang for money."
- ↑ 7,0 ha7,1 "French election: What Emmanuel Macron's win means for Africa", BBC News Online (2017-05-19). "The system of personal networks which backed these controversial practices is pejoratively referred to as "Francafrique"."
- ↑ Lott, Gaia (2018). "On the margins of the Françafrique: Franco-Burundian and Franco-Rwandan bonds from an historical perspective". African Affairs 117 (468): 347–369. DOI:10.1093/afraf/ady013
- ↑ Multiple sources:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]