Hannover (bro) : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

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[[Image:HannoverSt.jpg|thumb|right|Flag]]
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==Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1635–1692==
==Duked Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1635–1692==


===[[House of Welf]], Second House of Brunswick===
===[[House of Welf]], Second House of Brunswick===

Stumm eus an 24 Kzu 2008 da 10:49

Hannover (Hanover e saozneg, Hanovre e galleg) zo ur vro gozh eus Alamagn.

Istor

Hannover
Banniel Hannover Restr:G3 Arms.png
(Flag of Hanover) (Royal Coat of Arms)
Kêr-benn Hannover
Penn ar stad Roue Hannover


Istor

Da gentañ e oa bet anvet Priñselezh Calenberg, ur rann eus dugelezh Brunswick-Lüneburg, a voe anezhi eus-talek 1432 betek 1803. Hannover e oa he c'herbenn.


Dugelezh Brunswick-Lüneburg, unan eus stadoù an Impalaeriezh Santel Roman, a voe rannet meur a wech e meur a briñselezh, hag un dug e penn pep hini. Unan anezho e oa priñselezh Calenberg a em zistagas eus Priñselezh Brunswick e 1432. It fell to the Principality of Wolfenbüttel in 1584. In 1635 it was separated again from Wolfenbüttel, together with the Principality of Göttingen, with which it would stay joined.

In 1636, the capital of the Principality of Calenberg was moved from Pattensen to Hanover, and hence it also became known as Hanover.

In 1692, Duke Ernest Augustus received the additional title of prince-elector. The principality was then also known as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg or, informally, the Electorate of Hanover. In 1714, the Hanoverian electors became kings of Great Britain (see House of Hanover). The influence of the electors in Germany grew also: they inherited the Principality of Lüneburg in 1705, and the formerly Swedish territories of Bremen and Verden in 1719. As part of the German Mediatisation of 1803, the Electorate received the Bishopric of Osnabrück.

In 1803, the Electorate was occupied by France, which ruled over it in some form or another for the next ten years. From 1807 on, the Hanoverian territority was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. In 1813, the Electorate was restored, and in October of 1814 it became the Kingdom of Hanover at the Congress of Vienna, in order to make George III equal to the upstart King of Württemberg in German affairs. The Congress of Vienna installed a territorial exchange between Hanover and Prussia, in which Hanover increased its area substantially. Hanover gained the Bishopric of Hildesheim, East Frisia, the Lower County of Lingen, and the northern part of the Bishopric of Münster. It lost those parts of the Duchy of Lauenburg to the right of the Elbe, and several small exclaves in the east.

The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws (Salic Law) in Hanover prevented a female inheriting the title if there was any surviving male heir (in the United Kingdom, a male only took precedence of his own sisters). In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Hanover was annexed by Prussia and became the Province of Hanover.

Ardamezioù

After the personal union with Britain ended in 1837, Hanover kept the British royal arms and standards, only introducing a new crown (after the British model).

Coat of Arms
Flag

Duked Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1635–1692

House of Welf, Second House of Brunswick

split off from Wolfenbüttel

reunited with Wolfenbüttel in 1473; split off again from Wolfenbüttel in 1495

inherited by Wolfenbüttel

House of Welf, House of Hanover

split off from Wolfenbüttel

Ernest Augustus received the additional title of elector in 1692.

Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Princes of Calenberg, and Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, 1692–1803

In 1803, Hanover was occupied by France, and did not return to the control of its Elector until 1814. In the meanwhile, however, Hanoverian ministers continued to operate out of London, and maintained their own separate diplomatic service (which maintained links to countries such as Austria and Prussia, with whom the United Kingdom itself was technically at war). In 1814, Hanover became a Kingdom.

Rouaned Hannover, 1814–1866


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